Saturday, October 22, 2022

Trabajar con sentido

 Mi abuelo paterno, ciclista amater por la montañas de Ávila, soldado en la Guerra de Marruecos, después mecánico de locomotoras de Renfe y siempre un hombre bueno en el mejor sentido de la palabra, trabajó 12 horas al día toda su vida, librando un domingo de cada dos, hasta que la gangrena le deboró una pierna y tres dedos del pie de la otra. Su salario apenas sirvió para dar de comer a su familia lo que hizo que mi abuela tuviera que regentar una tienda de ultramarinos en la Calle de la Toledana, tienda adjunta a la casa en la que pasé mágicas temporadas de mis vacaciones infantiles, días fabulosos que me reviven con su recuerdo, las horas en las que disfruté de su compañia con la veneración del niño que se siente en presencia de un héroe legendario y amoroso. Estas líneas son en su memoria.

Cada generación se yergue sobre los hombres y mujeres de las generaciones previas, sobre hombros de gigantes sin duda alguna, aquellos benignos titanes que nos han permitido tomar aire, mirar al sol de frente y tener la posibilidad de una vida regalada y libre. La gratitud hacia ellos es eterna, y a pesar de que su sacrificio se pierda en nuestra corta memoria, permanecerá como parte inseparable de nuesta identidad humana. Es pensando en todos ellos que se levanta en mis oídos un clamor apasionado, demanda acuciante que transmito en un momento más de la triste cadena de despropósitos que ayer estranguló nuestro futuro.  La pasada asfixia nos deja hoy en un presente yermo y cruel en el que de nuevo tenemos que alzar las voces contra las nuevas tiranías y la esclavitud, tan hijas de los miedos más crudos e ignorantes como de una autocomplacencia animal que está echando por la borda con desprecio el sacrificio de nuestros mayores. No nos esclavizan las máquinas con todas sus alienantes demandas y la estrechez de sus horizontes, sino la maquinalidad de nuestra inconciencia, nuestra apatía y nuestra abulia unidas al parasitarismo inculto, soez y apremiante, al que nos lanzan a la par el miedo a la vida y el miedo a la muerte. Para satisfacer esas precariedades trabajamos cada vez más, y con pobreza creciente, una insaluble rutina demoledora que reduce nuestra alma a un simulacro animal, una burla a la grandeza del Espíritu Humano, una mueca desfigurada de la vida cabal que hunde sus raíces en la triste historia de las masas desde el mismo origen de nuestras ciudades.

Hay tres líneas argumentales que deberían impulsar nuestras acciones a reconsiderar un cambio radical y urgente con respecto a nuestra actitud en relación al trabajo y nuestras formas de vida. La primera de ellas es antropológica. Un análisis del desarrollo de nuestras construcciones simbólicas como seres humanos muestra la vinculación que se da en todas las diferentes culturas entre las acciones económicas de sustento y organización del grupo con las acciones valorativas. Nuestras primeras valoraciones humanas se fundamentan en la semántica proporcionada por las emociones básicas de la especie. Las jerarquías de valores tienen en cuenta las acciones que llevan a un sustento adecuado, y son esas acciones uno de los polos fundamentales entorno al cual se entretejen los mitos, como vemos en el caso del polinesio Maui en las formas paleolíticas sociales, o en los mitos del cereal de las primeras ciudades, y en general en todos los mitos que recogen la acción de algún antepasado o dios civilizador. La acción económica está cargada de significado y en ningún caso se trata de un trabajo alienante o de una actividad contraria a los intereses personales o grupales. Un trabajo significativo, un trabajo con sentido es la primera aproximación espontánea que hemos dado a la acción de sustento, y el entramado social, la actividad más cotidiana depende de que tal sentido se de de manera acrítica. Se ha convertido en una reflexión consciente cuando el sentido desapareció, bien por la explotación esclavista, bien por el sinsentido general de trabajos alienantes y desconectados de los objetivos que impulsan la vida de todo ser humano individual: la subsistencia plena de contenido simbólico.

La segunda argumentación es sociológica y tiene que ver con los equilibrios homeostáticos sociales. El equilibrio homesotático de la sociedad depende de manera crítica de la integración armónica de las acciones económicas y las acciones narrativas ideológicas. Cuando estos dos bloques de acciones sociales no proceden de un mismo tronco simbólico común, las sociedades colapsan.  Los desequilibrios pueden venir por un cambio ecológico que al cambiar las acciones económicas no ofrezca una respuesta mitológica capaz de dar sentido social al cambio, o meramente la acumulación de explotación de la mayoría de la población que hace perder el sentido de la vida para la mayoría y por tanto la sociedad entra en una espiral de nihilismo y final barbarie. Panem et circenses es insuficiente para producir equilibrios homeostáticos. La drogadicción de la población con respecto a sus propios neurotransmisores prepara condiciones para catástrofes sociales a partir de cualquier "efecto mariposa".

La tercera argumentación es ética. El trabajo sin sentido no sólo hace entrar individuo y sociedad en desequilibrios que sólo se resuelven catastróficamente, sino que son un paso atrás en la evolución ética de nuestra especie. El ser humano es el ser éticamente libre. Deseamos libertad, expresamos libertad y nada que no incluya la libertad es  suficiente para nosotros. La voluntad de poder de nuestra especie sólo se lleva a cabo a través de la libertad de poder de todos sus miembros. No se puede ser libre sin querer la libertad de todos los demás seres. La afirmación de mi voluntad a costa de la voluntad de los demás no expresa ninguna forma de libertad, sino un mero instinto de supervivencia animal mal comprendido. De igual forma, una comunidad que impone sus criterios por la fuerza no puede nunca producir individuos libres, y genera sociedades inestables y catastróficas a la larga. La petición de trabajo con sentido ético es la propuesta ideal de un trabajo que garantiza la libertad del grupo y del individuo. El ideal simbólico es el motor de fuerza. Descartarlo por consideraciones prácticas es la sempiterna abulia y miedo de los "realismos alucinados" que dirigen nuestras comunidades y nuestras vidas carentes de sentido, "realismos alucinados" con sus pies "muy bien puestos sobre la tierra"... una tierra que gira flotando en el espacio de una inmensa galaxia. 

Un trabajo sin sentido para la vida en este mundo es un insulto a la dignidad humana y la causa desequilibrante del desastre de todas las civilizaciones ciudadanas que hemos planteado hasta ahora.


Sunday, October 9, 2022

The Unconscious according to Western Theories of Individuation. (Mythopoetics Part IV. Numen)

 

   The concept of the Unconscious certainly predates Freud. It has been traced back to Paracelsus, but we can find other precursor concepts in the upokeimenon (what lies behind) and in the different formulations of the substance-accident semantic operator used by several philosophers. Advaita Vedanta talks about the formation of waves in the sea, waves that appear and return to the sea without ever ceasing to be the sea. Our most intimate intuitions tell us of a more fundamental reality than those reported by the appearances of consciousness. When I speak here about the unconscious, I do it starting from the theoretical context developed by Carl Jung and Eric Neumann. It is a non-reductionist psychological orientation. Neither is matter reduced to a simple mental or spiritual projection, nor is spirit an emergent property of matter that can be explained in terms of mathematical physics theories. As such, it is in tune with various forms of ontological non-duality, such as Advaita-Vedanta in its different formulations, Sufism, Taoism, Zen... It would be too poor to call this psychology "analytical", since it does not limit itself to making a process of separating the parts of consciousness to examine their function. Jung's studies, both those published for therapeutic purposes and the various psychological investigations that he developed personally, are firmly anchored in the alchemical Christian esoteric tradition but with a very broad synthesis of diverse influences. It would also be too narrow to call it Jungian, for although Jung acted as a centripetal force with his approach to psychology, there is an extraordinary group of thinkers that gathered around his main theses about the psychological nature of humans. This thinkers, sometimes referred to as the Eranos Group, include Mircea Eliade, Erich Neumann, Heinrich Zimmer, Erwin Schroedinger, Daisetz Suzuki, Henry Corbin, Joseph Campbell, Carl Kerenyi and many others1. The scope of Jung’s though became so much enlarged and extended in different directions that we can no longer talk about Jungian psychology in relation to this flourishing of integral knowledge about the human being. We will then speak of the Western Theories of Individuation (WTI), since this process is central to the understanding of the dynamics of the world of consciousness. The Group never presented an unified field of proposals and thesis about ontology, epistemology and psychology, though they all shared the belief in a Philosophia Perennis that showed different paths in the pursuit of Self-knowledge and a full life as human beings. When I talk about WTI views I imply the theories of some of these thinkers, which in many cases are the theories of a long tradition of Philosophia Perennis (Ph.P.), expanded or merely updated to modern language by some of these deep and thorough thinkers.

    For WTI, the stages, the trajectories of the development of consciousness, are archetypal and function as an eternal presence that configures the human psyche. The archetypal starting point implies a progressive deployment and appearance of psychic elements that are involuted and appear in the evolutionary vital experience as the emergence of an entity that in one of its multiple names is called the Self or Being. If we make a philosophical analysis, we could say that WTI adopts a reality principle that is intuitively easy to understand and assimilate: Nothing comes into Being except from Being. Chance, then, is a mental inability on our part to represent a priori certain emergences of that Being from Itself. That Itself is rather complex or opaque to our linguistic processes.

    Consciousness, according to WTI, is a transformation of, or an emergence from an undefinable entity that is called the unconscious. Consciousness is understandable as a liminal experience that takes various archetypal forms, called ego, shadow, animus-anima, persona, and Self. In its germinal form, the ego or centroversion force expresses itself as a liminal entity that arises between the human world, with its community-individual polarity, and the extra-human world. This first form of consciousness does not take a clearly distinguishable form from the unconscious. The individual organism spontaneously projects its own constitutive forms, its architecture onto the outside world. This projection or morphism simplifies the superabundant outside world through a filter, a selection. The psyche of the organism in that projection creates a reality according to its own structure. It is not an individual projection, but a projection of the organism of the species, that is, of a specific evolutionary architecture. In this sense, the reality of the group (of the species or of a particular subset of the species) is both illusory (as it filters and recreates) and a finite perspective of an infinite reality, which makes it real as a particular determination of such a reality of infinite order of complexity.

The dimension of reality and unreality of the projection of the social and individual organism on the outside world means that our understanding of psychic reality cannot take at face value the constructions of meaning and the evaluations made by any social group or by an isolated individual. It is necessary to pay constant attention to the liminal appearances of the archetypal forms in that social life using a logic of the liminal and not a symbolic logic such as that proposed by philosophy or science, although we need to incorporate the basic space-time intuitions reflected in such sciences, such as sequentiality/simultaneity and unity/plurality.

The primordial liminal stage of the development of consciousness out of the unconscious is called uroboric by the Ph.P. tradition. The Uroboros is a very old symbol that represents the Universal Womb as the locus of the Great Round, the primordial Cycle of Life2. At the uroboric level the Father and the Mother are still unified in their embrace. The Uroboros includes all distinctions and opposites, father-mother, above-bellow, heaven-earth, etc. The first spontaneous answer about origins is given at this stage. The Uroboros is the primordial Water of plenitude where life and death are not opposed but part of the same Great Cycle.

There are two fundamental forms of identity and identification that require to be understood in relation to the appearance of Consciousness out of this Primordial Round . On the one hand, the world is a morphism or map of the human physiology, and on the other, the individual is an morphism of the group. The identity of the external world is a projection of our own conditioning. The material for that projection is taken from an indefinite amount of energy information outside the organism. The organism filters out the world according to its inner order, and mirrors that order into the world. Once projected the morphism of the human (individual and collective) acquires a linguistic objectification that produces the physical object as such as an element of interchange and communication among the group members and of the group with the integrated objectified image called world or nature. Objectification is conditioned by what affective neuroscience basic emotions

Once objectification is achieved, supported by the inter-subjectivity of the language in which such objectification is expressed, becomes independent both of the individual who objectifies and of the community. Through language, the objective structure of the world is inherited from one generation to another by enculturation, to the point that external objects are already considered to be independent of the group that projects them onto something indefinite outside, a cluster of apeironic forces. (Neumann Citation)

The psychological formation that we call a person occurs during the process of introjection of the structures previously extrojected (projected) onto that apeironic external world, through the construction of narratives with these objects (to which the unconscious components underlie), narratives that allow the necessary communication for the development and maintenance of social homeostasis. The individuals, as morphisms of the group, adopt the form of the external world that the group has developed in its survival processes, these are the forms that we call social personae. On the other hand, the group soul is a morphism of the Anima Mundi as a unifying introjection of the external world (previously projected from the psyche of the species).

We could understand the appearance of the ego from the unconscious through the myth of the emergence of an island from the primordial waters. Its appearance, however, is not permanent and definitive, especially at the beginning. The tides of the unconscious rise and the island is once again covered by the waters. Only a progressive systematization of consciousness leads to its permanence. To keep consciousness awake, a force of determination is necessary, which requires a display of psychic and physiological energy. For the appearance of consciousness it is necessary to exert an energy that moves the homeostasis of the organism to a new point of balance. The objectification morphisms that shape the world around an ego can revert to the latent or uroboric state at any moment of weakness or disease of the organism. The first experiences of the ego are those that lead to its configuration as the center of the world, it is a force of centroversion. "I am the center of things", "the world arises and dies with me" are linguistic expressions of these first stages. In the uroboric phase preceding its appearance, the "I am" feels to be one with the world and proceeds through connections of magical causality with it (similarity and symbolic affinity).

According to Erich Neumann, the ego that awakens is fundamentally passive and still tires with the actions of its awakening, so it has a tendency to revert to previous uroboric states, it tends to dissolve into the unconscious3. He calls this uroboric incest. What is dissolved are the necessary tensions posed by the constraints that shape identity. It is a death in ecstasy. According to Neuman4 incestuous regression plays a negative role in the life of the neurotic and a positive role in the life of the creative human. Whether it is positive or negative will depend on the intensity of the conscious formation as well as the stage of development in which the ego is. In the writings of Leonardo Da Vinci we find an interesting reflection on uroboric incest:


Now you see that the hope and the desire of returning home and to one's former state is like the moth to the light, and that the man who with constant longing awaits with joy each new spring time, each new summer, each new month and new year—deeming that the things he longs for are ever too late in coming—does not perceive that he is longing for his own destruction. But this desire is the very quintessence, the spirit of the elements, which finding itself imprisoned with the soul is ever longing to return from the human body to its giver. And you must know that this same longing is that quintessence, inseparable from nature, and that man is the image of the world.(Leonardo Da Vinci. The Literary Works of Leonardo #1162 ("Morals").


The uroboric incest is not a death instinct but a fundamental psychological-spiritual law that in purely physical terms is expressed in the laws of thermodynamics. The fundamental laws of physics have an archetypal constitution insofar as they are projections of the structure of the organism, and in this sense they are ontological laws. The conscious system of even healthy individuals has an energetic charge (libido, prana, chi) to maintain homeostasis of a conscious system for only limited periods. According to Neumann5 the margin of conscious alertness is relatively narrow even today: it seems as if the organ of consciousness is in an early state of development and is only relatively stable. The emotional instability, the pleasure/pain ambivalence, the interchangeability of the exterior with the interior, of the individual with the group, produces an insecurity and instability of the egoic formation. To this instability must be added the powerful destabilizing force of basic emotions.

    The uroboros is always experienced as if it were new, as that which sustains everything and contains everything, that is, as the Great Mother6. It comes to mind as a representation with the same topology as that of the cell, closed to the world and open by the membrane. The basic intuition is there: belonging. It is an intuition that we find reflected throughout the entire process of consciousness formation: as a basic topology of physiological processes, as a support for basic emotions (instincts), as an epistemology of the individual organism and society, as a spiritual relationship between spiritual unity and plurality. This most physiological of our intuitions intuition is 250 million years old. We could hardly -as a species, and less so as individuals- form an image of the world that is not based on these uroboric forces of the Great Mother. The wisdom expressed in these archetypal representations far surpasses any egoic structure that does not take it into account and uses it as a foundation for its constructions. It is not that the uroboric archetype is better adapted to Reality than consciousness, but rather that what we call Real (basically an enigma) has been configured mimetically from the projection of those archetypal structures.

According to Neumann7, the unconscious represents the will of the collective species, but not as the opposition expressed in the pleasure-reality opposition, pleasure being the unconscious and reality being consciousness. This becomes clear when we consider the deep roots of the unconscious at the most physiological level, when we see its archetypal configuration in different structures throughout evolution and how such configurations follow a pattern of mimesis and not merely pleasure. On the other hand, it is absurd to consider the egoic formations, developed in this mimesis, as the only representative of the Real. Multiplicity, division and filtering are basic actions of the projections of morphisms that life spontaneously makes. It is the multiplicity that strengthens the ego, basically a force of centroversion of pluralities, something that we already see working in a prototypical way at a more basic animal level.







1 See http://www.eranosfoundation.org/page.php?page=4&pagename=history

2 Its main representation is a snake eating its own tail. We see above an Egyptian representation of the Uroboros. Bibliographic details for File:Ägyptisches Museum Kairo 2016-03-29 Tutanchamun Grabschatz 09.jpg. Image at Wikipedia Commons


3 Eric Neumann. The Origins and History of Consciousness. p.277

4 Ibid.

5Ibid. p. 281

6Ibid. p.284

7p.285

Monday, May 9, 2022

Magic Space and Play

     To understand and give meaning is to limit infinity. Whether in a model of physics or in an

old myth, we limit reality (whatever it is) and only then claim to understand it. To understand is to

verbalize, to make Logos, speech, and communication. And to do so, our limitation needs some rules

and procedures. That apparent taming of the indomitable Universe is its conversion into a game.

Kant said that we understand the universe insofar as we consider it the creation of an unknown

creator. This amounts to saying that we understand the universe insofar as we consider it a work of

art, or what is equivalent, we understand the universe when we see it as a game. Every explanation

has to be made from outside of the explained system if it aspires to more than being mere

gibberish. However, this simplistic distinction must be clarified: the game we are talking about, the

Cosmic Game, is not a dual-action, there is not a game and a non-game (there is nothing outside the

Game).

    In games, ordinary space, the World of Daily Life -with all its gravity and social mediocrity,

weighed down by the most basic struggles for survival, tied to the delirious dreams that we call

certainties- is suddenly transfigured. The game is the magical action par excellence. I realized this

while playing during childhood, before I could express it or understand it rationally, long before I

knew what reason was when my inferences and my analogies proceeded with the same spontaneity

with which I played or got excited. The strength of this transfiguring impulse has its roots in Life

itself, be it everyday life or exceptional living. Play closes space to everything outside itself, so the

game can emerge and with it Bliss-Consciousness. The cell does it with its plasma membrane,

closing the passage to that macromolecule there and allowing this amino acid to pass. Space is

transfigured within the cell, and in the process transforms its immediate environment. Order inside

at the cost of disorder outside the cell. But order and disorder are only relative metaphorical

concepts, a mental tool that limits by projecting its own restriction on life, a binary semantic

operator that clarifies here and confuses there. Translating order and disorder in terms of

temperature (the science of thermodynamics) does not give us a clearer intuition of things either:

what do 1 million degrees mean in terms of a living organism if not death? On the other hand,

could we understand order without disorder? And what happens when we merge order and disorder

into a single representation? Simply that in place of the dual distinction pure movement appears,

and rest and stillness lose their value in a total dance. Then, the Real is understood as pulsation and

is experienced as will, cosmic desire, an inexhaustible impulse that brings to being what is not, and to

not being what is.

    What we call the living cell is above all the emerging appearance of a new game in the

substance of the universe. It is our game. Is the cell made of atoms or elementary particles? Is it

matter? None of these concepts is independent of the cellular organic configuration that is the

human being. Human cells are necessary for the appearance in the universe of the concept of

subatomic particle. They are not concepts independent of Life-Intelligence at a relatively complex

stage, our present stage. The cells themselves, as conceptual structures arrived later than human

beings, in the sense that such a concept is ignored by the vast majority of living beings: our cat

does not know that his body is made out of cells, but nevertheless he understands what a game is,

at least some game types...

    The game of life closes space through a simple negation: the cell is non-world, and the world is

whatever is outside. And with the denial of the environment, that hostile non-ego that threatens the

fragility of what the membrane-skin encloses, the affirmation of a magical space occurs, more real

than the reality of what is left out of our game. However, world denial is part of the game itself, it

has no absolute value. Without the world there is no game, the passionate difference established by

life in relation to not-life is not produced. Without the outside space life could not construct itself

by playing and doesn’t know itself through play.

As we all know, playing is limiting, first space and time, then actions through rules and

syntax, the will that harnesses pure permutations to create different forms. Limitation, measure,

allows expressing the immensity of the other space, the Cosmos, in the precise form of a game. In

this sense, the magical space generated by playing is analogous to that created by rituals. Rites are

games, but games are something more than rites. The ritual has its origin in the repetition of

emotional protocols for survival, but the game goes beyond survival because its scope is no longer

the life and death of the individual or the social organism, the process of the Bios, but the more

general movement of life that includes death as a vital process. Let us call this force Zoé, life-death,

the necessary process to extend the Cosmic Game of existence. But while rituals and individual life

are not processes of full freedom, playing might be, and it is so to the extent that its magical space

includes death as one more movement, to the extent that the game is that of Life-Intelligence, Zoé.

The limitations generated by the game, especially the limitations of social personae, reduce

any possible identity to an element of the game, and therefore to a mask. Any social identity can

only be understood in terms of social narratives. We see that in many games, there is a

continuous deliberate reference to the players' lives. The player is never identical to his/her lives.

The game is a world within another world, and therefore it is a "meta" point of view, which is

neither in the world of the game nor outside the game. When we play, the magical space of the

game is not that of the game itself, but that which is produced by the extension of that first space

(that we have closed and limited) beyond the world of everyday life and beyond the game itself. Its

transfiguring force resides there. Everyday life ceases to be the real one, and an expanded reality

surrounds us without excluding us: the Cosmos and the individual continue one into the other, they

are the Game. The player discovers himself/herself as played by something, a Self that is the Other,

the Cosmos.

After closing space and making a cycle of time, we introduce objects, and relationships

between them to build our game. The action begins as a mental representation that transfigures

everyday life, like a magician's brilliant trick, but very soon the game conquers its outer space and

transforms it too, it appropriates the outer space by understanding it in terms of the game, a

metarational understanding. As I have already said, we can only understand the world to the extent

that we understand it as a game, i.e. in a metarational way in relation to specific games of limited

rationality, games like the game of science or the philosophical game, which are part of a wider

action with a more complex structure and impulse. In games, there are final causes and purposes, but

above them is the ruling purpose of playing, of being in the game, for there is meaning as long as

there is a game.

The magical space of the expanded game, the one that includes both the game and what is

outside of it, the game that occurs on both sides of the membrane, is the space of the Akasha of the

mystical traditions that have their origin in India. The Akasha is a consciousness force that

generates forms, the substance of all energy in its various limitations. The Akasha is revealed in the

process of the game. From the most basic and illuminating of our human games, hide-and-seek,

through crude death games, and arriving at the mimetic transformations of identity games, playing

reveals the Real. Playing, in its full aesthetic psychological dimension, not only gives the symbolic

structure to our social constructions, but it is also, at this stage of our evolution, the suprarational form

par excellence for the process of unveiling Life-Intelligence. The "Aletheia", the unveiling, is not

the final purpose of the Game, but an intermediate goal that leads to a new configuration, to a new

meaning that emerges from the action of playing, that is, to a New Game.